Walter's Theses

To articulate the past historically does not not mean to recognize it" the way it really was (Ranke). It means to serve hold of a memory as it flashes up at a moment of danger. Historical materialism wishes to retain that image of the past which unexpectedly appears to man singled out by history at a moment of danger. The danger affects both the content of the transition and it's receivers. (pg 255)

It appears that this quote have two meaning, one way is individuals can write down  history or record it but omitting the real facts such as the emotions behind the action, and the passion in the heat of the moment. People tends to just remember just a fraction and not the essential part of history, what make history memorable. Then the next part is, at times its impossible to even grasp the past in it's completeness, historians attempt to create objective histories are doomed to failure.
Overall, I agree that its totally true that its impossible to grasp history in its completeness, because as time goes by history gets worn out based on the stragetgy that was used to pass it down. I believe as history pass down to one generation people tends to alter the memory and as it pass down its the same thing just pure alterations unto nothing is left, there is not much substance left in history it self.

Walter Benjamin

Even the most perfect reproduction of a work of art is lacking in one element: its presence in time and space, its unique existence at the place where it happens to be. This unique existence of the work of art determined the history to which it was subject throughout the time of its existence. This includes the changes which it may have suffered in physical condition over the years as well as the various changes in its ownership. The traces of the first can be revealed only by chemical or physical analyses which it is impossible to perform on a reproduction; changes of ownership are subject to a tradition which must be traced from the situation of the original.

This passage speaks about when art is being reproduce, it lose elements, it may look the same but the quality is not the same. It speak about how one can detect an art work from original to copy, and what method to use to detect the original.

This passage is a bit interesting because, it reminds me of relationship when someone in the relationship mess up; its hard to gain back the trust, because trust has been altered and it makes the relationship hard. In the relationship before mistrust came, the relationship was pure, it was rich and all together, but since the trust was altered, and lack of honestly , the relationship starts to lose elements, and now if the faithful partner decides that they gonna work through it, that relationship is gonna have to get through process to regain health.

1. The difference between cult valve and exhibition is that, cult valve is the orginal valve of art work in the form of magic and rituals status. Exhibition valve: is the production of artistic work by showing the relevant information about a piece of art work. he see the valve of art as independent in relation to the polities which he says" art for art sake".

2. Erfahrung: is a kind of experience called intergrated experinece, it is the understanding of the historical orgin of the artistic object that we encounter. Erlebrisse is an experience that is referred to isolated experience are are usually seen as being unfriendly in nature. The connection between experience  is that Erfahrung  it establish continuity and there is no connection between Erlebrisse.

3. Positive is destruction of arua take away the mystical aspect of art and allow, everyone to appraoch art in a move realistic way. Negative is the total function of the artistic work is being reversed and it's based another practices.

4. The impact of the forms of mass culture like films have really changed human point of view or perception of the positive destruction of arua, which brought the universal equality of things, and also accepting the reproduction of art work this brings, magazines and picture. It's important because the public see what's going on, everything is exposed.

PAIN

" Pain as a measure of man is unalterable, but  what can be altered is the way he confronts it."
This quote means that, man will always experience pain, but they can't touch it to have control how much they should experinece whether medium pain or severe because pain is intangible; no one can cut it,or trim it, you just have to go through that experinece and learn from it.
I do agree it, no one can alter pain its impossible because no one can't see it, it can only be experienced.

1. I would judge Jungers thesis that pain is the central experience of life, and its true, because without we have not have experience, we would not now whats wrong from right if it did not hurt.

2. Post liberal refer to liberalism because Junger believes it died during the first world war, however its a progress when individuals are indulged in wealth, liberty in obtaining an education and specializing in whatever they want.

3. Photography is evil eye because, it's pecularily cruel way of seeing things.It captivate everything and bring it to the surface. Things that the eye will over look, photography capture every details of life all the mistakes and corrections one makes.

4.The relationship between specialized education and worker type is that, there is no limit on education, people are able to specialized in their own area of studies and the filed they want to work.

5.Submission to totalitarism authorities protect an individual from pain? I think it is the best way to avoid pain.

Nazism

In late 1929 the Great Depression hit worldwide as a result of the crash of the stock market in America and resulting mass bank failures. Germany was particularly affected because its economy had become deeply linked to the U.S. economy. Unemployment goes from about 1.5 million workers in 1929 to 4 million workers in 1930. The Nazi’s capitalized on the severe economic disaster. By 1930 they had become the second largest party in the Reichstag after the Social Democratic Party (SPD), it now became impossible to form a majority in parliament without them. Street fights between Nazi and Communist forces intensify. The centrist government under Chancellor Heinrich Brüning, invokes article 48 of the Constitution and declares a state of emergency in order to keep the government functioning because the Nazis are completely uncompromising and will not work  with more moderate parties.

According to the passage, due The Great Depression, it affect the economy really bad, leading to the crashing of the the stock markets, banks failed and the people lost their savings, their were many people jobless. Due to this Depression, this led to complete chaos in germany as well, violence break out calling for state of emergency and also leading to the Nazis rebelling because they too were deeply affected, so they decide they going to work things out their own way.

I chose this quote because it was so sad that so many people lost their job in the The Great Depression and how the bank took all the people money, everyone lost their savings. I think that in life people should always have several plans just in case one may fall in the cracks, they will have another to fall on. I say this because at times in one's life situation occurs and they was never prepared, and that whole situation can completely sweep them off their feet because they never had a plan or stragety. In the Great Depression worldwide their was no second plan, and everything collasped. Just like couple years ago when we had the recession, it hit the economic so bad, they raised prices everything, they even started going into people's 401k saving, and many people lost so much money just like what took place in the great depression.

1. The major reasons that led to the rise Nazi's was the Great Depression which caused severe economic disaster and unemployment.
2. the Nazi resolved conflicts between the workers and owners by controlling the prices and wages of products as well by destroying independent union. Also, they act like a non-communist alternative for the working class.
3. The signifance is that (work makes one free) it was a lie to the jews, that if they work hard they would be free.
4.State capitalism basically have dominion over all the  finances, credit, and having prices for raw materials and wages.
5. I would evaluate the  Anti-Semitism to be  very cruel and wicked. They only targeted the Jewish people, who i believe thought they were some sort of threat to them. Due the Anti-Semitism the Jewish lost everything they had asset and business and also denied their civil rights.

Poltics and Vocation

"Politics is a strong and slow boring of hard boards. It takes both passion and perspective. Certainly all historical experience confirms the truth --that man would not have attained the possible unless time and again he had reached out for the impossible. But to do that a man must be a leader, and not only a leader but a hero as well, in a very sober sense of the word. And even those who are neither leaders nor heroes must arm themselves with that steadfastness of heart which can brave even the crumbling of all hopes. This is necessary right now, or else men will not be able to attain even that which is possible today. Only he has the calling for politics who is sure that he shall not crumble when the world from his point of view is too stupid or too base for what he wants to offer. Only he who in the face of all this can say 'In spite of all!' has the calling for politics."

I believe this quote is saying that, when a person is in politics, its not just something someone can say they are in, they have to be committed fully like body soul and mind; they have to be able to take risks and have a vision at all times, to carry them through. Also, despite of the critics they might face, they cannot let them get the best of them, they got to be at all times be determined without showing any weakness. In addition, he or she has to arm themselves like soldiers who are going to battle. This is showing that at all times, politicians should be an guard and ready to counteract.  Therefore, this position does not take an ordinary person, but a person that at times no matter what's the circumstances they face; he or she should stand still and take a charge and know what they are about and what to defend.

I chose this quote because it gives me the confidence that I can pursue anything in life despite what people may say or do. The quote elaborates on one must at all times think out of the box and be brave; even when the journey seems so dismal and dark I can make it because I'm persuaded and I have a steadfastness in my heart that I will get through.

W. Constitution

Article 42
”The Reich President, when taking his office, swears the following oath :
I swear to devote my energy to the welfare of the German people, to increase its prosperity, to prevent damage, to hold up the Reich constitution and its laws, to consciously honor my duties and to exercise justice to every individual.
The addition of a religious formula is acceptable”

I believe this quote is stating that the President has to make an allegiance that he has to protect the people of German and do everything in his power to build his country and maintain the stability of the country. I also believe that this is the protocol and a binding arrangement one has to make when they are seared into office; this also shows that the President has a heavy responsibility that is rested on his shoulders, and it’s important that he must make those responsibilities be manifested.

I chose this quote because I’m going to be joined in a union, and as this quote speak of some of the responsibilities the President have to do, I started thinking that I too have responsibilities that I  must be carried out. I’m not going to make an allegiance, however I’m going to make a vow and I should honor my duties as a wife to be, as how the President should honor his duties as President.

Article 139
”Sunday and other state holidays are designated as days of rest from work and spiritual collection and are, as such, protected by law.”
This quote means that in German they believe respect people who are religious. Also, they believe that Sunday is there Sabbath and they should rest. I chose this quote because I like the fact that the state support holidays and Sundays and believe people should use it as an opportunity to rest and relax.

1.      The advantages and disadvantages of proportional representation are that, advantages seats were given to legislative based on the number of votes won by party, and it allowed the people voices to heard. Some disadvantages are that it makes the representatives to be less responsive and less dependent on local voters the increase in minority voice to have a say in politics, the Nazis gained better chance to come to power, despite having 30% of the vote.

2.      The leading cause of decline of the Weimar Republic because of the great   depression, massive unemployment and the Nazi had a lot of influence as well.

3.      Hyperinflation is the economic instability, and also the worth of money was declined due drastic increase. For example the valve of paper in money in 1923 was worth roughly 1 trillion for everyone gold mark in Germany (the valve of currency in gold).

4.       Weimar Constitution compared to American constitution are both similar about having a form of equality however, in the Weimar constitution it appears as if it’s only purpose is giving the leader greater power and not enough to the people, which it’s a bit weird if they are for democracy the people should have freedom to exercise their voice (power is invested in the people).